In April 2008, Google released the beta version of Google App Engine. These products pioneered the usage of server virtualization to deliver IaaS at a cheaper and on-demand pricing basis. In July 2002, Amazon created subsidiary Amazon Web Services, with the goal to "enable developers to build innovative and entrepreneurial applications on their own." In March 2006 Amazon introduced its Simple Storage Service (S3), followed by Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in August of the same year. In addition to use by General Magic itself, it was also used in promoting AT&T's associated PersonaLink Services. The use of the cloud metaphor is credited to General Magic communications employee David Hoffman, based on long-standing use in networking and telecom.
"The beauty of Telescript," says Andy, "is that now, instead of just having a device to program, we now have the entire Cloud out there, where a single program can go and travel to many different sources of information and create a sort of a virtual service." The use of the cloud metaphor for virtualized services dates at least to General Magic in 1994, where it was used to describe the universe of "places" that mobile agents in the Telescript environment could go. They experimented with algorithms to optimize the infrastructure, platform, and applications to prioritize CPUs and increase efficiency for end users.
As computers became more diffused, scientists and technologists explored ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through time-sharing. Cloud computing extended this boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure. They began to use the cloud symbol to denote the demarcation point between what the provider was responsible for and what users were responsible for. By switching traffic as they saw fit to balance server use, they could use overall network bandwidth more effectively. In the 1990s, telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering virtual private network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service, but at a lower cost. Yet, the "data center" model where users submitted jobs to operators to run on IBM's mainframes was overwhelmingly predominant. Full-time-sharing solutions were available by the early 1970s on such platforms as Multics (on GE hardware), Cambridge CTSS, and the earliest UNIX ports (on DEC hardware).
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The example Jim White uses now is a date-arranging service where a software agent goes to the flower store and orders flowers and then goes to the ticket shop and gets the tickets for the show, and everything is communicated to both parties." Early history ĭuring the 1960s, the initial concepts of time-sharing became popularized via RJE ( Remote Job Entry) this terminology was mostly associated with large vendors such as IBM and DEC. is that now, instead of just having a device to program, we now have the entire Cloud out there, where a single program can go and travel to many different sources of information and create a sort of a virtual service. In Wired's April 1994 feature "Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure II", Andy Hertzfeld commented on Telescript, General Magic's distributed programming language: The term cloud was used to refer to platforms for distributed computing as early as 1993, when Apple spin-off General Magic and AT&T used it in describing their (paired) Telescript and PersonaLink technologies. With this simplification, the implication is that the specifics of how the endpoints of a network are connected are not relevant to understanding the diagram. The word cloud was used as a metaphor for the Internet and a standardized cloud-like shape was used to denote a network on telephony schematics. The cloud symbol was used to represent networks of computing equipment in the original ARPANET by as early as 1977, and the CSNET by 1981 -both predecessors to the Internet itself. References to the phrase "cloud computing" appeared as early as 1996, with the first known mention in a Compaq internal document. ( January 2021) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and that it enables IT teams to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable demand, providing the burst computing capability: high computing power at certain periods of peak demand. 5.5 Serverless computing or Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)Īdvocates of public and hybrid clouds note that cloud computing allows companies to avoid or minimize up-front IT infrastructure costs.
5.4 Mobile "backend" as a service (MBaaS).
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